Due to the need for reducing the delay in response time and the ever-improving accuracy of the control systems of the modern internal combustion engine, some new and very specific sensor technologies ...

With the ever greater demand to reduce fuel consumption and to lower exhaust emission levels, it has become necessary to operate engines away from the stoichiometric fuelling point under certain condi ...

There are basically three different, non-interchangeable types of Lambda sensor. The zirconium dioxide and titanium dioxide Lambda sensors are also called switching, voltage jump or ‘binary’ sensors, ...